نشریه انرژی ایران
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 32، اردیبهشت 1383)

Generally solution of hyperbolic heat conduction equation is difficult. So the proper application of this equation is very important. In many problems with respect to boundary conditions, Fourier equation is good estimation for hyperbolic heat conduction. When boundary of a body expose to heat convection, answers of these equations are very different at initial time stages. After some time answers became the same. In periodic thermal conditions, we can see the effects of hyperbolic equation after a long time. When the thermal radiation effects on boundaries of a body is significant or absorption coefficient of surface is significant, surface temperature is obtained from parabolic heat conduction equation with good accuracy.

The obtained gas from refinery units is sent to torches for burning which not only pollutes the environment but also destroys valuable materials. The suggested method of using cryogenic cycle not only solves the environmental problem but also makes the gradual producing of HydroCarbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and finally heavy water possible. According to the exiting technology, the by-products produced in the process of oil refining are waste gas mixtures that mainly consist of hydrogen, hydrocarbons nitrogen and other components. The composition of those mixtures depends on oil deposit, refining technology and varies significantly. Relatively low results of oil refining in the national refineries are explained by the use of traditional technologies and equipment. The greatest amount of waste gases is burnt in the fuel ring and in the flame. The burning of waste gases may create a complicated ecological situation when vast territories should be determined as refinery sanitary protection zones. At present we know various methods of the separation of oil-refinery and waste gases. Those methods, however, do not allow to completely solve the problem of their utilization. The technical and economic analysis has shown, that the use of low-temperature technology holds the greatest promise for separating gas mixture into pure components including the release of nitrogen, hydrogen, deuterium and helium. Such an approach would improve the process of oil refining by 5 percent, raise considerably economic feasibility of production and improve ecological situation: that would lead to the reduction of sanitary protection zone and raise the cadastr cast of cleaned lands.

Energy - Utilization Diagrams is a graphic method to describe the exergy losses in industrial processes, i.e., improving the exergy use. We apply the method to a 3MW kalina bottoming Cycle. In the Kalina cycle, thermal energy transforms to mechanical energy and we can change the thermal losses to useful mechanical energy at best efficiency in comparison with another thermal machines. In this cycle against Rankine cycle, the ammonia-water mixture is used as fluid., therefore by suitable setting of this two fluids in various points of the cycle, we could give optimum total efficiency and since we have two type of fluids, should consider additional equipment in this cycle. The Kalina Cycle is being developed as a competitive improvement of the Rankine steam Cycle. By using an ammonia – water mixture as the working fluid and a condensing system based on absorption refrigeration principles the Kalina bottoming Cycle becomes about 10% more efficient than the ordinary Rankine Cycle. The Energy-Utilization Diagram of the kalina Cycle is very tight. From this we see that the Cycle is very well optimized.

This article describes policy and result of each policy of electricity consumption management in Iran with viewpoints of economic, law, engineering, training and advertising to evaluate the results of each policy for better planning on energy consumption in future. Detachment of each viewpoint makes planners and decision makers to decide what we achieve and what we need to accomplish in future. The work Iran have down till now are: preparing laws, standards and labeling on some of the electric utility and building and also education in school and university, training for students and managers of industries and also advertising for how and when is the right time to use electric appliances.

In this paper the study and layout of an assembly of Wind turbines in a Wind Farm is presented. The arrangement of two wind farms as an example in Manjil /Iran and Austria reviewed and due to complexity of the problem, referring to experimental methods, using WASP or WindPro Computer Codes available from RISOE National Research Laboratories and EMD International A/S, Denmark is advised.